Subnational mobilization and political countermovement in EU trade policy in Belgium, Germany and Spain

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Publicado: 14-01-2025

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Si bien los gobiernos subnacionales en los sistemas federales suelen ser tratados como jurisdicciones políticas potencialmente autónomas, los gobiernos centrales tradicionalmente han tenido autoridad exclusiva sobre la política comercial. Sin embargo, el alcance cada vez mayor de los acuerdos comerciales que penetran las políticas regulatorias nacionales, incluidas la contratación pública, los servicios de salud o la protección de las inversiones, ha llevado a las entidades subnacionales a exigir cada vez más una voz en su negociación y ratificación. Las preocupaciones sobre el impacto en sus competencias, junto con los argumentos de que algunos acuerdos específicos amenazan las normas y valores europeos, han generado nuevas formas de conflicto entre entidades nacionales y subnacionales. Basándonos en el concepto de doble movimiento de Polanyi, mostramos cómo la política comercial de la UE ha fomentado un contramovimiento político en el que las jurisdicciones subnacionales implementan estrategias para protegerse de los efectos de la liberalización comercial y para defender su autoridad descentralizada. Abordamos la oposición subnacional a los acuerdos CETA y TTIP utilizando tres casos contrastantes —Bélgica, Alemania y España— para ilustrar diversos modelos de oposición a la liberalización comercial de la UE, desde los esfuerzos ex ante para influir en los resultados de las negociaciones comerciales hasta la oposición ex post ejerciendo el poder de veto. El artículo sostiene que la asignación de poderes constitucionales y la política partidaria en cada país dan forma a estas diferentes estrategias de oposición, y señala una paradoja: los esfuerzos de la UE por hablar con “una sola voz” generan efectos de contestación a nivel subnacional que han creado tensiones en múltiples niveles en torno al establecimiento de una mayor autonomía social y control sobre los procesos de mercado.

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Guimarães, M. H., & Egan, M. (2025). Subnational mobilization and political countermovement in EU trade policy in Belgium, Germany and Spain. PEACE & SECURITY-PAIX ET SÉCURITÉ INTERNATIONALES (EuroMediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations), (13). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/paetsei/article/view/11410

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