The scrutiny of Frontex’s operations: analysis of the EU judicial and non-judicial mechanisms available
Résumé
The increased operational powers attributed to the European Border and Coast Guard (Frontex) have made it increasingly urgent to identify mechanisms for monitoring respect for fundamental rights in the Agency’s actions. In this paper, the Agency’s external control mechanisms and the implementation practice that has developed in recent years have been addressed. Thus the external judicial and non-judicial mechanisms have been analysed separately in order to assess the adequacy of existing instruments to ensure effective protection of the fundamental rights of migrants with which Frontex interacts in the performance of the tasks entrusted to it.
Mots-clés
Téléchargements
Comment citer
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés PEACE & SECURITY-PAIX ET SÉCURITÉ INTERNATIONALES –EuroMediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations 2025

Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Copyright
Es condición para la publicación que el autor o autores ceda(n) a la Revista, en exclusiva, los derechos de reproducción. Paix et Sécurité Internationales es una revista que proporciona un acceso abierto inmediato a su contenido totalmente gratuito para lectores como para los investigadores que pretendan publicar en ella, ya que no se realizan cobros por concepto de envío, procesamiento ni publicación. Los usuarios podrán leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar el texto completo de los artículos publicados, o utilizarlos para cualquier otro propósito, dentro de la legalidad vigente. Y podrán hacerlo sin coste alguno, y sin necesitad de solicitar permiso al editor a al autor. Todo ello de acuerdo con la definición de acceso abierto de la Iniciativa Acceso Abierto de Budapest.
Références
ACOSTA PENCO, T., La intervención directa de la Guardia de Fronteras y Costas: de la mera coordinación a la actuación subsidiaria en las fronteras exteriores de la Unión Europea, Iustel, Madrid, 2023.
ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ, M.A., “Reglamento 2019/1896/UE sobre la guardia europea de fronteras y costas: ¿Frontex 3.0?”, IEEE, Documento de Opinión No. 111, 2019, pp. 646-666.
BATTAGLIA, F., Il Mediatore europeo, Cacucci, Bari, 2020.
COLOMBO, E., “Un passo avanti e due indietro: brevi riflessioni circa la responsabilità di Frontex per violazione dei diritti umani alla luce della sentenza WS e altri c. Frontex”, BlogDUE, 5 January 2024.
DE CONINCK, J., “Shielding Frontex 2.0. The One with the Impossible Proof”, VerfBlog, 30 January 2024.
DE CONINCK, J. and TAS, S., “Investigating five dimensions of the EU’s liability regime: Marián Kočner”, Common Market Law Review, 2025, pp. 195-214.
ELIANTONIO, M., “Composite Procedures, the Violation of Fundamental Rights, and the Availability of Sufficient Remedies in the Multi-level EU Judicial Architecture”, in FINK, M. (ed.), Redressing Fundamental Rights Violations by the EU. The Promise of the ‘Complete System of Remedies’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2024, pp. 345-365.
GIGLI, M., “The Potential of budgetary discharge for political accountability: Which lessons from the case of Frontex?”, European Law Journal, 2024, pp. 1-15.
GKLIATI, M., “The first step of Frontex accountability: Implications for its Legal Responsibility for Fundamental Rights Violations”, eumigrationlawblog.eu, 13 August 2021.
GKLIATI, M., “Shaping the Joint Liability Landscape? The Broader Consequences of WS v Frontex for EU Law”, European Papers, 2024, pp. 69-86.
FERNÁNDEZ ROJO, D., EU Migration Agencies: The Operation and Co-operation of FRONTEX, EASO and EUROPOL, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham-Northampton MA, 2021.
FINK, M., Frontex and Human Rights: Responsibility in ‘Multi-Actor Situations’ under the ECHR and EU Public Liability Law, OUP, Oxford, 2018.
FINK., M., “The Action for Damages as a Fundamental Rights Remedy: Holding Frontex Liable”, German Law Journal, 2020, pp. 532-548.
FINK, M., “Why it is so Hard to Hold Frontex Accountable: On Blame-Shifting and an Outdated Remedies System”, Ejiltalk.org, 26 November 2020.
FINK, M. and RIJPMA, J.J., “Responsibility in Joint Returns after WS and Others v Frontex: Letting the Active By-Stander Off the Hook”, EU Law Analysis, 22 September 2023.
FINK, M., RAUCHEGGER, C. and DE CONINCK, J., “The Action for Damages as a Fundamental Rights Remedy”, in FINK, M. (ed.), Redressing Fundamental Rights Violations by the EU. The Promise of the ‘Complete System of Remedies’, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2024, pp. 36-63.
KNÄBE, T. and CANIARD, H.Y., “Public Security Revised. Janus, Triton and Frontex: Operational Requirements and Freedom of Information in the European Union, Case Note Under Case T-31/18 Luisa Izuzquiza and Arne Semsrott v European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex)”, EJML, 2021, pp. 332-358.
KUNST, A., “Advocate General Ćapeta’s Opinion in WS and Others v Frontex before the Grand Chamber: The End of Frontex’s Shielding? Joint Liability of Frontex and Member States in Return Operations”, EU Law Analysis, 17 June 2025.
KUNST, A., “Hamoudi v Frontex: Advocate General Norkus’ Opinion - Reversing the Burden of Proof and the Presumption of Frontex’s Privileged Access to Evidence”, EU Law Analysis, 19 April 2025.
INGRAVALLO, I., “Gli strumenti di controllo sul rispetto dei diritti fondamentali nelle attività operative di Frontex”, Quaderni AISDUE, 2024, No. 2, pp. 255-274.
NICOLOSI, S.F, “Frontex and Migrants’ Access to Justice: Drifting Effective Judicial Protection?”, VerfBlog, 7 September 2022.
NICOLOSI, S.F., “The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) and the limits to effective judicial protection in European Union law”, European Law Journal, 2024, pp. 1-17.
PASSARINI, F., “Un (possibile) rimedio giurisdizionale contro Frontex: l’azione per danni nel caso WS and Others v. Frontex”, Eurojus, 2023, No. 4, pp. 71-84.
PIRRELLO, A., “The Burden of Proof When Powers Wears an EU Uniform”, VerfBlog, 15 May 2025.
PIRRELLO, A. and AVIAT, M., “Frontex Before the Court of Justice: Division of Competences Hampering Liability”, EU Law Live, 2 July 2025.
PRECHAL S. and WIDDERSHOVEN, R., “Principle of effective judicial protection”, in SCHOLTEN, M. and BRENNINKMEIJER, A., Controlling EU Agencies. The Rule of Law in a Multi-jurisdictional Legal Order, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, Northampton, 2020, pp. 80-97.
RAIMONDO, G., The European Integrated Border Management. Frontex, Human Rights and International Responsibility, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2024.
SALZANO, L., “The Secretiveness over the OLAF Report on Frontex Investigations: Rule of Law Fading into Arbitrariness?”, VerfBlog, 9 September 2022.
SANTOS VARA, J., “La transformación de Frontex en la Agencia europea de la guardia de fronteras y costas: ¿hacia una centralización en la gestión de las fronteras?”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, 2018, pp. 143-186.
SANTOS VARA, J., “The Activities of Frontex on the Territory of Third Countries: Outsourcing Border Controls Without Human Rights Limits”, European Papers, 2023, pp. 985-1011.
VITIELLO, D., Le frontiere esterne dell’Unione Europea, Cacucci, Bari, 2020.
VITIELLO, D., “Poteri operativi, accountability e accesso alla giustizia nella gestione integrata delle frontiere esterne dell’Unione europea. Una prospettiva sistemica”, I Post di AISDUE, Sezione “Atti convegni AISDUE”, No. 10, Quaderni AISDUE, 8 February 2023, pp. 226-254.
VOLPATO, A., “Judicial Review of the Acts of EU Agencies: Discretion Escaping Scrutiny?”, CERiM Online Paper Series, No. 1, 2019.

