Drawing lines in a borderless outer space: legal challenges to the establishment of safety zones

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https://doi.org/10.25267/Paix_secur_int.2025.i13.1403

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Publié-e: 04-10-2025
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Résumé

Le droit international de l’espace extra-atmosphérique, élaboré principalement entre la fin des années 1960 et la décennie 1970, révèle de plus en plus ses limites face à la complexité et à l’ampleur croissantes des activités spatiales contemporaines. Au 31 décembre 2024, environ 18 070 objets spatiaux fonctionnels avaient été officiellement enregistrés, représentant près de 89 % de l’ensemble des lancements effectués depuis 1957, ce qui témoigne de l’intensité et de l’accélération des opérations en orbite. Parallèlement, de nombreuses missions axées sur l’exploration et l’utilisation de la Lune sont en cours. Cette évolution rapide met en lumière des lacunes normatives significatives, notamment en ce qui concerne le statut juridique et l’opérationnalisation des zones de sécurité. Ces dernières revêtent une importance croissante en tant qu’instruments de gestion de la congestion orbitale, de prévention des interférences nuisibles, de protection des infrastructures critiques et de sécurisation des opérations à haut risque, y compris l’exploitation des ressources célestes. Il convient de noter que les zones de sécurité ne sont pas établies par des instruments multilatéraux contraignants, mais qu’elles ont plutôt émergé des pratiques opérationnelles des acteurs spatiaux, ainsi que des mesures politiques énoncées dans des instruments de soft law. Dans ce contexte, la question centrale qui guide cette recherche est la suivante: dans quelle mesure l’établissement et l’application de zones de sécurité sont-ils licites au regard du corpus actuel du droit spatial international? L’étude vise à souligner l’urgence d’adopter des normes internationales cohérentes, équitables et contraignantes, aptes à répondre à ces nouveaux défis réglementaires.

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Cinelli, C. (2025). Drawing lines in a borderless outer space: legal challenges to the establishment of safety zones. PEACE & SECURITY-PAIX ET SÉCURITÉ INTERNATIONALES –EuroMediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations, (13). https://doi.org/10.25267/Paix_secur_int.2025.i13.1403

Biographie de l'auteur-e

Claudia Cinelli, Universidad de Pisa

Universidad de Pisa

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