From left-wing terrorism to religious terrorism

a study of the characteristics of the fourth wave

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https://doi.org/10.25267/%20REJUCRIM.2025.i12.08

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ESTUDIOS
245-281
Published: 19-12-2025
PlumX

Authors

  • Ricardo Torralba Luzzy (ES) Universidad de Murcia (España)

Abstract

The objective of this study is to verify the differences described by David Rapoport in the waves of terrorism. Specifically, the study analyses the characteristics that differentiate the third wave or the new left wave and the fourth wave or religious wave. A series of hypotheses were proposed and tested through a detailed analysis of a database of terrorist attacks from 1970 to 2017. The literature predicts that this terrorism, in contrast to the previous wave, is characterized by: being concentrated in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia; a higher prevalence of suicide attacks; the use of explosives and armed assaults as their primary methods; a tendency to target private properties; the use of explosives, firearms, and hand-to-hand combat as their main weapons; and being the most lethal wave. The analysis of the database confirms that indeed, the terrorism of the fourth wave is religious-based terrorism that aligns with the characteristics described by Rapoport.

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How to Cite

Torralba Luzzy, R. (2025). From left-wing terrorism to religious terrorism: a study of the characteristics of the fourth wave. Journal of Legal Studies and Criminology, (12), 245–281. https://doi.org/10.25267/ REJUCRIM.2025.i12.08

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