Preferencia por contenidos científicos de física o de biología en Educación Primaria: un análisis clúster

Descargas

Visitas a la página del resumen del artículo:  1404  

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25267/Rev_Eureka_ensen_divulg_cienc.2019.v16.i1.1104

Información

Fundamentos y líneas de trabajo
1104
Publicado: 25-10-2018
PlumX

Autores/as

  • Radu Bogdan Toma (ES) Universidad de Burgos, Facultad de Educación. Departamento de Didácticas Específicas, Área de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4846-7323
  • Jesús Ángel Meneses Villagrá (ES) Universidad de Burgos, Facultad de Educación. Departamento de Didácticas Específicas, Área de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4839-0418

Resumen

Resumen: Las estadísticas de matriculación en carreras de ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemática (STEM) evidencian una gran infrarrepresentación de las mujeres en la mayoría de estas disciplinas, especialmente en física e ingeniería. En este estudio se analiza el interés de niñas y niños de Educación Primaria (n = 733) por el contenido de disciplinas científicas de física y de biología utilizando un método de análisis cuantitativo basado en técnicas de agrupamiento por conglomerados K-Medias, analizándose las diferencias en las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la ciencia escolar en función de su interés por estas disciplinas científicas. Los resultados revelan la existencia de un perfil actitudinal sesgado sexualmente, caracterizado por un alto interés por contenidos propios de ciencias biológicas y un bajo interés por el aprendizaje de la física por parte de las niñas, y resultados opuestos en el caso de los niños. Además, en comparación con los niños, las niñas han mostrado menos interés por contenidos de física, han sido mayoría en los perfiles actitudinales caracterizados por un bajo interés general por contenidos científicos y han sido minoría en los perfiles caracterizados por un alto interés por ambas disciplinas. Estos resultados parecen mostrar que el interés por disciplinas científicas de física o de biología empieza a forjarse desde niveles elementales del sistema educativo, hecho que podría dar lugar a la posterior segregación de género en las disciplinas STEM. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas y de investigación de estos resultados.

Palabras clave: actitudes hacia la ciencia, K-medias, conglomerados, ciencias biológicas, ciencias físicas

Preference for physics or biology scientific content in Elementary Education: a cluster analysis

Abstract: Statistics on enrolment in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) show a large under-representation of women in most of these disciplines. This study analyses the preferences of elementary education girls and boys (n = 733) for the content of physics and biology using a quantitative analysis method based on clustering techniques (K-Means) and by analyzing the differences in their attitudes toward school science according to their preferences. The results reveal the existence of a sexually biased attitudinal profile, characterized by a high preference for the content of the biological sciences and a low preference for learning physics among girls, and opposite results in the case of boys. In addition, in comparison with boys, girls showed less interest in physics science content than boys, were majority in the attitudinal profiles characterized by a low overall interest in science content and minority in the profiles characterized by a high interest in both disciplines. These results seem to show that the preference for scientific disciplines in physics or biology are beginning to form from elementary levels of the educational system, which could lead to the subsequent gender segregation existing in STEM disciplines. The educational and research implications of these findings are discussed.

Keywords: attitudes towards science, K-mean, cluster analysis, biology, physics

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Agencias de apoyo  

Universidad de Burgos, MINECO

Citas

AAAS. (1993) Benchmarks for scientific literacy. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

AGARD. (1996) Advisory Report 330: Anthropomorphic dummies for crash and escape system testing. Quebec: Canada Communication Group.

Ajzen, I. (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.

Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1980) Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. New Jersey: Prentice-Hill.

Battaglia, O. R., Di Paola, B., Fazio, C. (2017) K-means clustering to study how student reasoning lines can be modified by a learning activity based on Feynman’s unifying approach. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(6), 2005–2038. doi:10.12973/eurasia.2017.01211a

Beede, D. N., Julian, T. A., Langdon, D., McKittrick, G., Khan, B., Doms, M. E. (2011) Women in STEM: A gender gap to innovation. Economics and Statistics Administration, 4–11. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1964782

Berkhout, E., Sattinger, M., Theeuwes, J., Volkerink, M. (2012) Into the gap. Exploring skills and mismatches. Recuperado de: https://research.randstad.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/into-the-gap.pdf

Blickenstaff, J. C. (2005) Women and science careers: Leaky pipeline or gender filter? Gender and Education, 17(4), 369–386. doi:10.1080/09540250500145072

Booth, A., Cardona-Sosac, L., Nolen, P. (2014) Gender differences in risk aversion: Do single-sex environments affect their development. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 99, 126–154.

Bug, A. (2003) Has feminism changed physics. Signs, 28(3), 881–899. doi:0097-9740/2003/2803-0008

Buser, T., Niederle, M., Oosterbeek, H. (2014) Gender, competitiveness, and career choices. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129, 1409–1447.

Caleon, I. S., Subramaniam, R. (2008) Attitudes towards science of intellectually gifted and mainstream upper primary students in Singapore. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 45(8), 940–954. doi:10.1002/tea.20250

Collins, C., Kenway, K., McLeod, J. (2000) Factors influencing the educational performance of males and females in school and their initial destinations after leaving school. Recuperado de http://siandvasupport.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net/file/view/Factors+influsencing+the+performance+of+males+ and+females+in+school.pdf

Conkey, M. W. (2003) Has feminism changed archaeology? Signs, 28(3), 867–880.

Dasgupta, N. (2011) Ingroup experts and peers as social vaccines who inoculate the self-concept: The stereotype inoculation model. Psychological Inquiry, 22(3), 231–246.

de Pro Bueno, A., Pérez Manzano, A. (2014) Actitudes de los alumnos de Primaria y Secundaria ante la visión dicotómica de la Ciencia. Enseñanza de Las Ciencias, 32(3), 111–132. doi:10.5565/rev/ensciencias.1015

Deloitte. (2016) Women in STEM. Technology, career pathways and the gender pay gap. London: Deloitte.

Demirel, M., Dagyar, M. (2016) Effects of problem-based learning on attitude: A meta-analysis study. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(8), 2115–2137. doi:10.12973/eurasia.2016.1293a

Denessen, E., Vos, N., Hasselman, F., Louws, M. (2015) The relationship between primary school teacher and student attitudes towards Science and Technology. Education Research International, 1–7. doi:10.1155/2015/534690

DeWitt, J., Archer, L. (2015) Who aspires to a science career? A comparison of survey responses from primary and secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 37(13), 2170–2192. doi:09500693.2015.1071899

Dickhauser, O., Meyer, U. (2006) Gender difference in young children’s math ability attributions. Psychological Science, 48(1), 3–16.

Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A. (1993) Are people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes, and judgments of competence. European Review of Social Psychology, 5(1), 1–35.

EC. (2004) Europe needs more scientists: Report by the high-level group on increasing human resources for Science and Technology. Brussels: European Commission.

EC. (2013) Special eurobarometer 401: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), Science and Technology. Brussels: European Commission.

Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., Leese, M., Stahl, D. (2011) Cluster Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fazio, C., Battaglia, O. R., Di Paola, B. (2013) Investigating the quality of mental models deployed by undergraduate engineering students in creating explanations: the case of thermally activated phenomena. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 9(2), 1–21.

Gardner, P. L. (1975) Attitudes to science: A Review. Studies in Science Education, 2, 1–41.

George, R. (2006) A cross‐domain analysis of change in students’ attitudes toward science and attitudes about the utility of science. International Journal of Science Education, 28(6), 571–589. doi:10.1080/09500690500338755

Gillies, R. M. (2003) Structuring cooperative group work in classrooms. International Journal of Educational Research, 39(1–2), 35–49. doi:10.1016/S0883-0355(03)00072-7

Gunderson, E. A., Ramirez, G., Levine, S. C., Beilock, S. L. (2012) The role of parents and teachers in the development of gender-related math attitudes. Sex Roles, 66(3–4), 153–166. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9996-2

Hacieminoglu, E. (2016) Elementary school students’ attitude toward science and related variables. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(2), 35–52. doi:10.12973/ijese.2016.288a

Heybach, J., Pickup, A. (2017) Whose STEM? Disrupting the gender crisis within STEM. Educational Studies, 53(6), 614–627. doi:10.1080/00131946.2017.1369085

INE. (2017) Mujeres y hombres en España. Educación. Recuperado de https://goo.gl/RC2UKd

Kennedy, J., Quinn, F., Taylor, N. (2016) The school science attitude survey: A new instrument for measuring attitudes towards school science. International Journal of Research y Method in Education, 39(4), 422–445. doi:10.1080/1743727X.2016.1160046

Lindahl, B. (2007) Longitudinal study of students’ attitudes towards science and choice of career. En proceedings de 80th session of the International Conference of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. New Orleans.

Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa (LOMCE) (Ley Orgánica 8/2013, 9 de diciembre). Boletín Oficial del Estado, núm. 295, 2013, 10 de diciembre. Referencia: BOE-A-2013-12886.

Marbá-Tallada, A., Márquez Bargalló, C. (2010) ¿Qué opinan los estudiantes de las clases de ciencias? Un estudio transversal de sexto de primaria a cuarto de ESO. Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 28(1), 19–30.

Marginson, S., Tytler, R., Freeman, B., Roberts, K. (2013) STEM: Country comparisons. International comparisons of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. Melbourne: Australian Council of Learned Academies.

MECD. (2016) Datos y cifras del sistema universitario español. Curso 2015/2016. Secretaría General Técnica.

Morrell, C., Parker. C. (2015) Solving the education equation: A new model for improving STEM workforce outcomes through academic equity. Recuperado de: www.napequity.org/solving-education-equation

Newman, I., McNeil, K. (1998) Conducting survey research in the social sciences. New York: University Press of America.

Niederle, M., Vesterlund, L. (2010) Explaining the gender gap in math test scores: The role of competition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(2), 129–144. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.129

Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., Greenwald, A. G. (2002) Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(1), 101–115.

NRC. (2012) A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington: The National Academies Press.

NSF. (2013) Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in Science and Engineering. Washington: National Science Foundation.

Nunnally, J. C., Bernstein, I. H. (1994) Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

OECD. (2013) Education at a glance 2013: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.

OECD., UNESCO. (2003) Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow – Further results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.

Osborne, J., Dillon, J. (2008) Science education in Europa. Critical reflections. London: Nuffield Foundation.

Osborne, J., Simon, S., Collins, S. (2003) Attitudes towards science: A review of the literature and its implications. International Journal of Science Education, 25(9), 1049–1079. doi:10.1080/0950069032000032199

Paciello, M., Ghezzi, V., Tramontano, C., Barbaranelli, C., Fida, R. (2016) Self-efficacy configurations and wellbeing in the academic context: A person-centered approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.083

Ramsden, J. M. (1998) Mission impossible? Can anything be done about attitudes to science? Interntional Journal of Science Education, 20, 125–137.

Rapoport, B., Thibout, C. (2018) Why do boys and girls make different educational choices? The influence of expected earnings and test scores. Economics of Education Review, 62, 205–229. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.09.006

Romero-Ariza, M. (2017) El aprendizaje por indagación: ¿existen suficientes evidencias sobres sus beneficios en la enseñanza de las ciencias? Revista Eureka sobre Enseñanza y Divulgación de las Ciencias, 14(2), 286–299.

Schiebinger, L. (2003) Introduction: Feminism inside the sciences. Signs, 28(3), 859–866.

Schiebinger, L., Klinge, I., Sánchez de Madariaga, I., Paik, H. Y., Schraudner, M., Stefanick, M. (2011) Gendered innovations in science, Health y medicine, engineering and environment. Recuperado de http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/index.html

Schroeder, C. M., Scott, T. P., Tolson, H., Huang, T.-Y., Lee, Y.-H. (2007) A Meta-Analysis of national research: Effects of teaching strategies on student achievement in science in the United States. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(10), 1436–1460. doi:10.1002/tea

Schwarz, G. E. (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464.

Sikora, J., Pokropek, A. (2012) Gender segregation of adolescent science career plans in 50 countries. Science Education, 96(2), 234–264. doi:10.1002/sce.20479

Struyf, A., Hubert, M., Rousseeuw, P. J. (1997) Integrating robust clustering techniques in S-PLUS. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 26, 17–37. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(97)00020-0

Toma, R. B., Greca, I. M. (2018) The effect of integrative STEM instruction on elementary students’ attitudes toward Science. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(4), 1383–1395. doi:10.29333/ejmste/83676

Toma, R. B., Meneses Villagrá, J. A. (en prensa) Validation of the Spanish single-item School Science Attitude Survey (S-SSAS) for elementary education. PLOS ONE.

UNESCO. (2017) Cracking the code: Girls’ and women’s education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). París: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Recuperado de: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002534/253479e.pdf

Vázquez, A., Manassero, M. A. (2008) El declive de las actitudes hacia la ciencia de los estudiantes: un indicador inquietante para la educación científica. Revista Eureka sobre Enseñanza y Divulgación de las Ciencias, 5(3), 274–292.

Weiss, H., Songer, T., Fabio, A. (2001) Fetal deaths related to maternal injury. Journal of the American Medical Association, 15, 1863–1868.